728x90 반응형 분류 전체보기577 3장 - 악센트의 중요성 나이와 언어 습득 ※ 악센트의 중요성 - 말을 할 때 소리가 나도록 해주는 근육이 (목과 후두, 입, 입술, 혀) 수백 개 존재- 원어민 수준의 유창성에 도달하려면 엄청난 근육 조절이 필요- 어린아이들이 언어를 발달시키는 과정을 살펴보면 발견 가능- 20세기 중반 정통한(authentic) 외국어 음운 구사력의 습득에 관한 연구는 결정적 시기의 개념을 뒷받침- 연령 기반 요인 초래 원인: 신경근육의 유연성과 신경학적 발달, 사회생물학적 프로그램, 사회문화적 환경- 예외가 있을 수 있는데 이는 외국어의 발음을 원어민 수준으로 습득하는 놀라운 능력을 가진 사람도 있기 때문- 그러나 통계적인 확률에서는 거의 모든 연구가 사춘기 지나서 L2를 습득하기 시작하는 사람이 원어민의 악센트를 습득할 가능성은 매우 적다.. 2022. 8. 8. PEDAGOGY AND ASSESSMENT Grammar ◈ PEDAGOGY AND ASSESSMENT ■ At present, few would disagree with the proposal that EFL/ESL learners must be made aware of and given opportunities to interpret and practice the use of cohesive devices that signal reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction in English. ■ There are also encouraging signs that leaders in the language teaching profession are beginning to acknowledge tha.. 2022. 8. 7. MARKED CONSTRUCTIONS Grammar ◈ MARKED CONSTRUCTIONS ■ WH-CLEFTS Kim (1992) did an extensive analysis of wh-clefts (also known as pseudo-lefts) in English conversation. He concluded that their general or overarching function is to mark a disjunction by the speaker concerning the preceding discourse – a disjunction that allows the speaker to go back to some previous utterance and address it. Within this general view o.. 2022. 8. 6. WORD-ORDER CHOICES Grammar ◈ WORD-ORDER CHOICES ■ Thompson (1978) reminds us that some languages (e.g., Chinese, Czech, Latin) have a highly flexible word order; word-order diſferences have a pragmatic basis for such languages. Conversely, there are languages with a reasonably rigid or fixed word order like English or French, and in such languages, we say that word order is syntactically determined. However, even .. 2022. 8. 5. TREATMENTS OF GRAMMAR IN DISCOURSE Grammar ◈TREATMENTS OF GRAMMAR IN DISCOURSE 1. Ties of Reference (pronouns, possessive forms, demonstratives, and the like) Paul bought a pear. He ate it. Here “Paul” and “he” and also "pear" and "it" are coreferential (i.e., both forms in each set refer to the same entity) and form cohesive ties in the text. 2. Ties of Substitution (e.g., nominal one(s), verbal do, clausal so) A: Did Sally buy .. 2022. 8. 4. Grammar Grammar ■ The study of grammar (or morphology and syntax) 'in formal linguistics tends to be restricted to the sentence level; moreover, many formal linguists prefer to look at grammar or syntax as an innate, autonomous, and context-free system. ■ The problem with this perspective is that there are few grammar choices made by speakers or writers that are strictly sentence-level and completely co.. 2022. 8. 3. 3장 - 신경생물학적 고려 사항들 나이와 언어 습득 ※ 신경생물학적 고려 사항들 - 나이와 언어 습득의 관계에 관한 연구 중 습득 과정에서 나타나는 두뇌의 기능에 관한 연구- 뇌신경의 발달이 L2 습득 성공에 미치는 영향- 특정 단계에서 뇌가 성숙해지면서 언어 습득 능력의 저하 ◈ 뇌 좌우반구의 기능 분화 - 수십 년 전 연구자들은 뇌의 기능 분화(lateralization)를 지지- 인간의 뇌가 성숙해짐에 따라 어떤 기능들은 뇌의 좌반구에 할당- 또 다른 기능들은 우반구에 할당되는 “기능 분화”가 이루어진다는 증거가 나옴- 지적, 논리적, 분석적 기능은 대체로 뇌의 좌반구- 우반구는 정서적, 사회적 요구와 관련된 기능을 통제- 언어 기능은 일차적으로 좌반구에 의해 통제되는 것으로 보임- 물론 상반되는 증거도 있음 - 예, 뇌 좌반구.. 2022. 8. 2. SUMMARY OF TEACHING APPLICATIONS ◈ SUMMARY OF TEACHING APPLICATIONS ■ In many language class where oral skills are taught, the interaction of discourse and prosody must be highlighted and taught since contextually appropriate control of rhythm and intonation are an essential part of oral communicative competence. 1. direct students' attention to a few major patterns. 2. alert students to differences between the punctuation syst.. 2022. 8. 1. INTONATION AND SENTENCE TYPES ◈ INTONATION AND SENTENCE TYPES In order to deploy intonation effectively at the level of discourse, learners need first to become aware of, understand, and practice the relationships between intonation, syntax, and context in spoken English. 1. DECLARATIVES Unmarked or neutral versions of most English declarative sentences have rising-falling intonation and fairly predictable prominence on the .. 2022. 7. 31. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS OF PROSODY Phonology ◈ INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS OF PROSODY ■ Prosody performs two related information management functions in English and many other languages: first it allows the speaker to segment information into meaningful word groups, and second it helps the speaker signal new or important information versus old or less important information. ◈ SEGMENTING INFORMATION INTO MEANINGFUL WORD GROUP.. 2022. 7. 30. 이전 1 ··· 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 ··· 58 다음 728x90 반응형
