728x90 반응형 영어/Discourse58 Grammar Grammar ■ The study of grammar (or morphology and syntax) 'in formal linguistics tends to be restricted to the sentence level; moreover, many formal linguists prefer to look at grammar or syntax as an innate, autonomous, and context-free system. ■ The problem with this perspective is that there are few grammar choices made by speakers or writers that are strictly sentence-level and completely co.. 2022. 8. 3. SUMMARY OF TEACHING APPLICATIONS ◈ SUMMARY OF TEACHING APPLICATIONS ■ In many language class where oral skills are taught, the interaction of discourse and prosody must be highlighted and taught since contextually appropriate control of rhythm and intonation are an essential part of oral communicative competence. 1. direct students' attention to a few major patterns. 2. alert students to differences between the punctuation syst.. 2022. 8. 1. INTONATION AND SENTENCE TYPES ◈ INTONATION AND SENTENCE TYPES In order to deploy intonation effectively at the level of discourse, learners need first to become aware of, understand, and practice the relationships between intonation, syntax, and context in spoken English. 1. DECLARATIVES Unmarked or neutral versions of most English declarative sentences have rising-falling intonation and fairly predictable prominence on the .. 2022. 7. 31. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS OF PROSODY Phonology ◈ INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS OF PROSODY ■ Prosody performs two related information management functions in English and many other languages: first it allows the speaker to segment information into meaningful word groups, and second it helps the speaker signal new or important information versus old or less important information. ◈ SEGMENTING INFORMATION INTO MEANINGFUL WORD GROUP.. 2022. 7. 30. BACKGROUND(Phonology) Phonology ◈ BACKGROUND ■ The discussion of what can go wrong in terms of intonation has not so far considered the fact that most of the world's languages can be classified as either (a) tone languages or (b) intonation languages. ■ Some tone languages are Asian languages such as Chinese, Thai, Vietnamese, or African languages such as Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa. Many Indian languages of the Americas .. 2022. 7. 29. WHERE THINGS CAN GO WRONG Phonology ◈ WHERE THINGS CAN GO WRONG ■ Inappropriate prosody can involve quite subtle types of miscommunication, types that are not as obvious as confusion at the segmental level, which the listener is typically able to correct by using context or knowledge of the world. It is thus often difficult to detect prosodic problems as “errors," and they easily get misconstrued by the listener as unint.. 2022. 7. 28. Phonology Phonology ◈ INTRODUCTION ■ Phonology, the linguistic study of sound systems, gives us different types of information that are helpful for better understanding what spoken discourse sounds like. ■ The notational system we use for marking intonation is the Fries-ike system (sce Pike, 1945), which superimposes intonation as a line drawn over the sentence or utterance: When the line is directly unde.. 2022. 7. 27. SPEECH ACTS SERVE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS Pragmatics in Discourse Analysis ◈ SPEECH ACTS SERVE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ■ Declarative (also called performatives) are speech acts that “change the world” as a result of having been performed. Some good examples of such declarative speech acts are when the jury foreman announces, “We find the defendant not guilty!” and when the justice of the peace says, “I now pronounce you man and wife.” ■ Repres.. 2022. 7. 18. COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE Pragmatics in Discourse Analysis ◈ COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE ■ Human communication is based on the fact that, as a rule, human beings want to communicate with one another successfully and want to maintain social harmony while doing so. 1. THE MAXIM OF QUANTITY Make your contribution as informative as required. Do not make your contribution more informative than required. The mutual expectation.. 2022. 7. 17. WHAT DOES PRAGMATICS ENTAIL? Pragmatics in Discourse Analysis ◈ WHAT DOES PRAGMATICS ENTAIL? ■ The area of pragmatics deals with speaker meaning and contextual meaning. ■ Speaker meaning is concerned with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances rather than what the words and phrases in those utterances might mean in and of themselves. ■ When a speaker says “I am hungry, " the semantic meaning of this utterance .. 2022. 7. 16. 이전 1 2 3 4 5 6 다음 728x90 반응형
