반응형 영어/Discourse58 READING FOR COMMUNICATION ▣ READING FOR COMMUNICATION ▶ THE INTERACTIVE NATURE OF THE READING PROCESS ■ In trying to understand a written text, the reader has to perform many simultaneous tasks: decode the message by recognizing the written signs, interpret the message by assigning meaning to the string of words, and finally, understand what the author's intention was. There are at least three participants in this proces.. 2022. 10. 6. Reading ▣ Reading ■ Even in this modern age of multimedia and high-tech environments, it is still the case that most of us rely on our reading ability to gain information or expand our knowledge. ■ In a literate society, skill in reading is imperative since so much of what one needs to know is communicated via written text. We could not function in modern society without reading. Yet, for some people, t.. 2022. 10. 5. SPEAKING IN THE LANGUAGE CLASSROOM ▣ Speaking ▶ SPEAKING IN THE LANGUAGE CLASSROOM ■ What makes a classroom activity useful for speaking practice? The most important feature of a classroom speaking activity is to provide an authentic opportunity for the students to get individual meanings across and utilize every area of knowledge they have in the second or foreign language. They should have the opportunity and be encouraged to b.. 2022. 10. 2. TEACHING BOTTOM-UP STRATEGIES Listening ▣ PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES ■ What are some of the most beneficial exercises and activities for L2 listeners? Many teachers have recorded short segments from radio or TV news broadcasts, which they then play several times in class for their students to allow them to experience multiple listenings and to carry out a variety of tasks: · extract topic/gist (first listening) · .. 2022. 9. 7. TEACHING TOP-DOWN AND INTEGRATED STRATEGIES Listening ◈ TEACHING LISTENING FROM A DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE ▣ TEACHING TOP-DOWN AND INTEGRATED STRATEGIES ■ Moving on to top-down processing, we offer the example of a university-level history professor who begins his lecture with the following statement, thereby providing his listeners with a useful organizer: Today, we will consider three forces that helped shape the Carolingian Empire. We'll .. 2022. 9. 6. TEACHING BOTTOM-UP STRATEGIES Listening ◈ TEACHING LISTENING FROM A DISCOURSE PERSPECTIVE ▣ TEACHING BOTTOM-UP STRATEGIES ■ What can teachers do to encourage their students to engage in listening practice at the discourse level? In many instances where reduced speech or imperfect acoustic processing might obscure a message, an effective listener can use the situational context and the preceding and following discourse (co-te.. 2022. 9. 5. RESEARCH Listening ◈ THE LISTENING PROCESS: RELEVANT BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH ▣ RESEARCH ■ Garnes and Bond proposed that listeners process incoming speech by employing the following four microprocessing strategies (holding the stream of speech in short-term memory would, of course, underlie all of these): 1. attending to stress and intonation and constructing a metrical template, or pattern, to fit the ut.. 2022. 9. 4. BACKGROUND(Listening) Listening ◈ THE LISTENING PROCESS: RELEVANT BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH ▣ BACKGROUND ■ In the early 1980s, it was popular to assume that only top-down skills needed to be enhanced to improve L2 listening comprehension. However, it is now more generally acknowledged (cf. Peterson, 1991) that both top-down and bottom-up listening skills should be integrated and explicitly treated pedagogically to impr.. 2022. 9. 3. Listening Listening ■ "It is unlikely that we ever achieve an exact match between intention and interpretation, and we probably would not know it if we did. We arrive at the degree of convergence necessary for interaction and no more. Comprehension is never complete: it is always only approximate, and relative to purpose." (Widdowson, 1990:108) ■ When people listen, they are listening to a stretch of disc.. 2022. 9. 2. Doing discourse analysis ▣ Developing a discourse analysis project ■ Many issues need to be considered when planning a discourse analysis project. The first of these is the actual research question. The key to any good research project is a well-focused research question. It can, however, take longer than expected to find this question. ■ Cameron (2001) has suggested that a critical characteristic of a good research pro.. 2022. 8. 28. 이전 1 2 3 4 5 6 다음 728x90 반응형
