Vocabulary
◈ BACKGROUND
▶ SOCIOCULTURAL VARIATION IN THE USE OF VOCABULARY
■ In English, women use more elaborate color vocabulary than men, with women more frequently using highly selective color terms such as mauve, ecru, aubergine, and so forth. Similarly, in the United States, teenage girls – but less often boys - use totally as an intensifier. Gender-based choices are made in other languages too. To say "thank you" in Portuguese, women say obrigada, and men say Obrigado. In Japanese, women use the utterance-final particle ne? (which is a bit like a question tag in English) more frequently than men.
■ As Hatch and Brown observe, except for those gender-sensitive choices that are the same for speakers of both sexes, it is not always clear whether variation in lexical choice should be attributed to gender or differences in status or power; however, the variations exist, and awareness of them must be part of vocabulary instruction – the exception being that academic and technical writing appear to be relatively free of gender-based preferences when compared with informal spoken language.
■ Geographical dialects often reflect vocabulary differences. Within each of these two countries, there may be further dialect distinctions among speakers by region, such that in different parts of the United States, skillet, frying pan, and spider are words used to describe the same cooking implement.
■ Some vocabulary variation is due to the age of the speakers (Hatch and Brown, 1995: 309), such that expressions of positive assessment by the speaker have changed from generation to generation in the United States.
■ Also, in many languages, a unique vocabulary gets used only with children or by children; this is known as "baby talk."
■ The selection of a euphemism (i.e., a word considered less direct and thus less distasteful or offensive) often reflects these factors.
British: the loo, the W.C. (water closet) American: the john (informal), the bathroom (general) Female/upper middle class: the powder room Children: the Public potty establishments: the ladies' room, the men's room
▶ THE UNIQUENESS OF VOCABULARY
■ Apart from the general basic vocabulary outlined above, vocabulary acquisition often becomes highly personal from a developmental perspective in a way that the acquisition of grammar and phonology does not. Learners interested in sports will learn a very different vocabulary from those interested in music, who will learn a different vocabulary from those interested in politics.
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