Vocabulary
◈ BACKGROUND
▶ DIFFERENT MODALITY OR REGISTER, DIFFERENT VOCABULARY
■ The vocabulary used by skilled speakers and writers changes according to modality and register. For some languages, such as Arabic, modality differences may be highly marked since the local spoken variety's vocabulary, and the more classical written variety can be very different. This makes learning the literate skills (reading and writing) more of a challenge than in a language like English, where there is significant overlap between the vocabulary of the spoken and the written variety – but where the vocabulary of the written language is much more extensive.
■ There is another type of challenge with a language like Chinese, where the written characters have nothing to do with the sound segments or syllables of the spoken language but directly represent ideas. It takes learners years to learn the thousands of characters for words and phrases required for fluent reading and writing in such a language, where few associations can be made with the sound system.
■ Speakers and writers also make different lexical selections according to how formal or informal any act of communication is; (modality and register are not always totally independent factors in that spoken language tend to be more informal than written language).
■ Moreover, in one's native language and functionally active second or foreign languages, users develop and enrich their vocabulary throughout their lives as they are exposed to new concepts and new areas of interest.
■ Educated native speakers of English have overlapping but different vocabularies for speaking and writing. They have different vocabularies for general versus professional or specialized communication.
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