Pragmatics in Discourse Analysis
◈ COOPERATION AND IMPLICATURE
■ Human communication is based on the fact that, as a rule, human beings want to communicate with one another successfully and want to maintain social harmony while doing so.
1. THE MAXIM OF QUANTITY
Make your contribution as informative as required.
Do not make your contribution more informative than required.
The mutual expectation of the interactants is that quantitatively the speaker's contribution is just right for the interaction at hand. More would be too much and less would be too little for successful communication to take place.
2. THE MAXIM OF QUALITY
Try to make your true contribution one.
a. Do not say what you believe to be false.
b. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
The mutual expectation of the interactants is that the speaker makes propositions or provides information that s/he believes to be true.
3. THE MAXIM OF RELATION
Be relevant.
The mutual expectation of the interactants is that the speaker contributes to the communicative exchange that is relevant to the topic and the situation of this exchange.
4. THE MAXIM OF MANNER
a. avoid obscurity
b. avoid ambiguity
c. be brief
d. be orderly
The mutual expectation of the interactants is that the speaker makes his/her contribution as clear and as comprehensible as possible and that while doing so, s/he takes all precautions to ensure such clarity in terms of performance and delivery.
■ When communication takes place between two interactants who do not share the same language or the same culture, unintended violations of the maxims can easily occur.
■ The pragmatic transfer might result in the violation of a maxim in the new language and culture.
■ When such cross-cultural violations take place, the speakers may not be aware of the need to carry out a correction and may therefore leave the impression of being impolite or even aggressive, when this was not at all the speaker's intention.
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