Pragmatics in Discourse Analysis
◈ WHAT DOES PRAGMATICS ENTAIL?
■ The area of pragmatics deals with speaker meaning and contextual meaning.
■ Speaker meaning is concerned with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances rather than what the words and phrases in those utterances might mean in and of themselves.
■ When a speaker says “I am hungry, " the semantic meaning of this utterance is that the speaker feels pangs of hunger. Pragmatically viewed, if the sentence is produced by a youngster who has come back from school at noon speaking to his mother in the kitchen, it probably functions as a request for lunch. Alternatively, if it is produced by the same youngster after having completed lunch, it could function as a complaint expressing the opinion that there hasn't been enough food to eat for lunch, or perhaps the child intends it as a request for a dessert.
■ Speaker meaning, rather than sentence meaning, can only begin to be understood when the context is taken into consideration.
■ Pragmatics studies the context within which interaction occurs as well as the intention of the language user. Who are the addressees, what is the relation between speakers/writers and hearers/readers, when and where does the speech event occur?
■ Pragmatics also explores how listeners and readers can make inferences about what is said or written in order to arrive at an interpretation of the user's intended meaning.
■ What makes human communication possible, however, is the fact that pragmatic competence relies very heavily on conventional, culturally appropriate, and socially acceptable ways of interacting.
■ It is generally understood that within a given social and cultural group, people usually know what is expected and what is considered appropriate behavior, and this knowledge enables them to interpret the language uses they encounter.
■ In exchanges that take place between language users from different social or cultural groups or different linguistic groups, miscommunication can result from a lack of shared knowledge of the world and the appropriate target behavior.
■ In our attempt to lead the L2 learner to communicative competence, which goes far beyond linguistic competence, pragmatics must be taken into account.
■ While developing knowledge and understanding of how the new language works, the learner must also develop awareness and sensitivity to socio-cultural patterns of behavior.
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