Listening
▣ PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES
■ What are some of the most beneficial exercises and activities for L2 listeners? Many teachers have recorded short segments from radio or TV news broadcasts, which they then play several times in class for their students to allow them to experience multiple listenings and to carry out a variety of tasks:
· extract topic/gist (first listening)
· get details of the news item (second listening) (who, what, when, where)
· evaluate the emotional impact of news items (third listening)
(this can vary, but the listener should give reasons for the choice):.
- neutral report of the information
- information makes me happy/sad
- information worries/surprises me
- information annoys me
- other
■ It can also be helpful for second language listeners to look at a faithful transcript of a lecture or a conversation with all the pauses, ſalse starts, incomplete sentences, and so forth represented. Access to such transcripts and appropriate guidance from the teacher can make listeners aware of many things (including the fact that spontaneous or live speech is "messy" much of the time). More specifically, it helps learners see the discourse function of items such as the following:
· cue words and discourse markers that signal what the main points and minor points are (e.g., sequential organizers such as first, second, finally)
· lexical and structural cues, including lexical routines and chunks that signal a new term and a definition or some other notional construct (see Nattinger and DeCarrico, 1992). For example, "in other words" signals that the speaker will be paraphrasing or further explaining what has immediately preceded.
· key text segments that serve as higher-order organizers.
■ Also crucial for comprehending interactive reciprocal discourse are:
· words and phrases used to open or close a topic in conversation
· ways to ask a question or to interrupt the speaker
· ways to ask for clarification or elaboration
■ To help younger learners to develop good listening strategies, teachers need to design a variety of listening tasks that resemble games and, at the same time, focus on the identification and recognition of spoken sequences. The more manageable tasks may require simply the title of certain keywords, such as counting the number of times the word "king" appears in a story as the class listens. More complex activities may require matching actions and personalities in the story (Who played the guitar?) or even finding reasons for actions (Why did they look for the group leader?). A final activity should involve a collaborative retelling of the story by the whole class, which means that the learners have to listen carefully to what their peers contribute and remember the story.·
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